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Cultural studies is a way of studying literature that looks at how books, poems, and other works are connected to culture, society, politics, and everyday life. It does not see literature as separate from the world but as part of the way people live, think, and experience life. Cultural studies tries to understand how literature reflects or challenges the values, beliefs, and power structures of its time. Main Features of Cultural Studies Focus on Society and Culture – It studies how literature is related to social issues like class, race, gender, politics, and history . Power and Identity – It looks at how literature represents or questions power, identity, and social roles. Everyday Life – It studies not only great works of literature but also popular culture, such as films, television, music, and advertisements. Interdisciplinary Approach – It uses ideas from history, sociology, philosophy, politics, and media studies to understand literature. Famous Figures in Cultural...

Critique means a careful and detailed examination, discussion, and judgment of a literary work. In a critique, the critic looks at the strengths and weaknesses of the work, explains its meaning, and gives a fair evaluation. A critique is not simply praise or blame but a balanced and thoughtful response to the text. Main Features of Critique Careful Analysis – The critic studies all parts of the work, such as plot , characters , language, style , and theme . Fair Judgment – The critic tries to give an honest opinion, based on evidence from the text. Balanced View – Both the good and weak points of the work are discussed. Helpful Feedback – A critique often suggests ways to understand the work better or to improve writing. Types of Critique Literary Critique – Examines how well the story, poem, or play is written. Theoretical Critique – Uses different theories like feminism , Marxism , or psychoanalysis to understand the work. Cultural Critique – Studies how literature...

Judicial criticism is a type of literary criticism where the critic judges and evaluates a literary work based on certain rules, standards, and principles. The critic looks at the quality, correctness, and worth of the work and decides if it is good or bad. This method tries to be fair, balanced, and reasonable rather than emotional or personal. Main Features of Judicial Criticism Judgment Based on Standards – The critic uses accepted rules of literature, such as unity, clarity, harmony, and style, to judge the work. Objective Approach – The critic tries to avoid personal feelings and judges the work with fairness. Attention to Craft – The critic studies how well the writer has used plot, character, language, and structure. Moral and Artistic Value – The work is judged not only for its beauty but also for its message and effect on readers. Famous Judicial Critics and Works Aristotle – In "Poetics", he set rules for tragedy, such as unity of plot and proper use o...